4.4.1 Free Pointed Sets

Let $X$ be a set.

The free pointed set on $X$ is the pointed set $\smash {X^{+}}$ consisting of:

  • The Underlying Set. The set $X^{+}$ defined by1
    \begin{align*} X^{+} & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}X\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}\text{pt}\\ & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}X\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}\webleft\{ \star \webright\} . \end{align*}

  • The Basepoint. The element $\star $ of $X^{+}$.


1Further Notation: We sometimes write $\star _{X}$ for the basepoint of $X^{+}$ for clarity, specially when there are multiple free pointed sets involved in the current discussion.

Let $X$ be a set.

  1. Functoriality. The assignment $X\mapsto X^{+}$ defines a functor
    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+} \colon \mathsf{Sets}\to \mathsf{Sets}_{*}, \]

    where:

    • Action on Objects. For each $X\in \text{Obj}\webleft (\mathsf{Sets}\webright )$, we have

      \[ \webleft [\webleft (-\webright )^{+}\webright ]\webleft (X\webright )\mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}X^{+}, \]

      where $X^{+}$ is the pointed set of Definition 4.4.1.1.1.

    • Action on Morphisms. For each morphism $f\colon X\to Y$ of $\mathsf{Sets}$, the image

      \[ f^{+}\colon X^{+}\to Y^{+} \]

      of $f$ by $\webleft (-\webright )^{+}$ is the map of pointed sets defined by

      \[ f^{+}\webleft (x\webright ) \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\begin{cases} f\webleft (x\webright ) & \text{if $x\in X$,}\\ \star _{Y} & \text{if $x=\star _{X}$.} \end{cases} \]

  2. Adjointness. We have an adjunction
    witnessed by a bijection of sets
    \begin{align*} \mathsf{Sets}_{*}\webleft (\webleft (X^{+},\star _{X}\webright ),\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )\webright )\cong \mathsf{Sets}\webleft (X,Y\webright ),\end{align*}

    natural in $X\in \text{Obj}\webleft (\mathsf{Sets}\webright )$ and $\webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )\in \text{Obj}\webleft (\mathsf{Sets}_{*}\webright )$.

  3. Symmetric Strong Monoidality With Respect to Wedge Sums. The free pointed set functor of Item 1 has a symmetric strong monoidal structure
    \[ \webleft (\webleft (-\webright )^{+},\webleft (-\webright )^{+,\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}},\webleft (-\webright )^{+,\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}}_{\mathbb {1}}\webright ) \colon \webleft (\mathsf{Sets},\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }},\text{Ø}\webright ) \to \webleft (\mathsf{Sets}_{*},\vee ,\text{pt}\webright ), \]

    being equipped with isomorphisms of pointed sets

    \[ \begin{gathered} \webleft (-\webright )^{+,\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}}_{X,Y} \colon X^{+}\vee Y^{+} \overset {\scriptstyle \mathord {\sim }}{\dashrightarrow }\webleft (X\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}Y\webright )^{+},\\ \webleft (-\webright )^{+,\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}}_{\mathbb {1}} \colon \text{pt}\overset {\scriptstyle \mathord {\sim }}{\dashrightarrow }\text{Ø}^{+}, \end{gathered} \]

    natural in $X,Y\in \text{Obj}\webleft (\mathsf{Sets}\webright )$.

  4. Symmetric Strong Monoidality With Respect to Smash Products. The free pointed set functor of Item 1 has a symmetric strong monoidal structure
    \[ \webleft (\webleft (-\webright )^{+},\webleft (-\webright )^{+},\webleft (-\webright )^{+}_{\mathbb {1}}\webright ) \colon \webleft (\mathsf{Sets},\times ,\text{pt}\webright ) \to \webleft (\mathsf{Sets}_{*},\wedge ,S^{0}\webright ), \]

    being equipped with isomorphisms of pointed sets

    \[ \begin{gathered} \webleft (-\webright )^{+}_{X,Y} \colon X^{+}\wedge Y^{+} \overset {\scriptstyle \mathord {\sim }}{\dashrightarrow }\webleft (X\times Y\webright )^{+},\\ \webleft (-\webright )^{+}_{\mathbb {1}} \colon S^{0} \overset {\scriptstyle \mathord {\sim }}{\dashrightarrow }\text{pt}^{+}, \end{gathered} \]

    natural in $X,Y\in \text{Obj}\webleft (\mathsf{Sets}\webright )$.

Item 1: Functoriality
We claim that $\webleft (-\webright )^{+}$ is indeed a functor:
  • Preservation of Identities. Let $X\in \text{Obj}\webleft (\mathsf{Sets}\webright )$. We have
    \[ \text{id}^{+}_{X}\webleft (x\webright )\mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\begin{cases} x & \text{if $x\in X$,}\\ \star _{X} & \text{if $x=\star _{X}$,} \end{cases} \]

    for each $x\in X^{+}$, so $\text{id}^{+}_{X}=\text{id}_{X^{+}}$.

  • Preservation of Composition. Given morphisms of sets

    \begin{align*} f & \colon X \to Y,\\ g & \colon Y \to Z, \end{align*}

    we have

    \begin{align*} \webleft [g^{+}\circ f^{+}\webright ]\webleft (x\webright ) & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}g^{+}\webleft (f^{+}\webleft (x\webright )\webright )\\ & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}g^{+}\webleft (f\webleft (x\webright )\webright )\\ & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}g\webleft (f\webleft (x\webright )\webright )\\ & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\webleft [g\circ f\webright ]^{+}\webleft (x\webright )\end{align*}

    for each $x\in X$ and

    \begin{align*} \webleft [g^{+}\circ f^{+}\webright ]\webleft (\star _{X}\webright ) & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}g^{+}\webleft (f^{+}\webleft (\star _{X}\webright )\webright )\\ & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}g^{+}\webleft (\star _{Y}\webright )\\ & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\star _{Z}\\ & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\webleft [g\circ f\webright ]^{+}\webleft (\star _{X}\webright ), \end{align*}

    so $\webleft (g\circ f\webright )^{+}=g^{+}\circ f^{+}$.

This finishes the proof.
Item 2: Adjointness
We proceed in a few steps:
  • Map I. We define a map
    \[ \Phi _{X,Y}\colon \mathsf{Sets}_{*}\webleft (X^{+},Y\webright )\to \mathsf{Sets}\webleft (X,Y\webright ) \]

    by sending a morphism of pointed sets

    \[ \xi \colon \webleft (X^{+},\star _{X}\webright )\to \webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright ) \]

    to the function

    \[ \xi ^{\dagger }\colon X\to Y \]

    given by

    \[ \xi ^{\dagger }\webleft (x\webright )\mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\xi \webleft (x\webright ) \]

    for each $x\in X$.

  • Map II. We define a map

    \[ \Psi _{X,Y}\colon \mathsf{Sets}\webleft (X,Y\webright )\to \mathsf{Sets}_{*}\webleft (X^{+},Y\webright ) \]

    given by sending a function $\xi \colon X\to Y$ to the morphism of pointed sets

    \[ \xi ^{\dagger }\colon \webleft (X^{+},\star _{X}\webright )\to \webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright ) \]

    defined by

    \[ \xi ^{\dagger }\webleft (x\webright )\mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\begin{cases} \xi \webleft (x\webright ) & \text{if $x\in X$,}\\ y_{0} & \text{if $x=\star _{X}$} \end{cases} \]

    for each $x\in X^{+}$.

  • Invertibility I. Given a morphism of pointed sets

    \[ \xi \colon \webleft (X^{+},\star _{X}\webright )\to \webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright ), \]

    we have

    \begin{align*} \webleft [\Psi _{X,Y}\circ \Phi _{X,Y}\webright ]\webleft (\xi \webright ) & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\Psi _{X,Y}\webleft (\Phi _{X,Y}\webleft (\xi \webright )\webright )\\ & = \Psi _{X,Y}\webleft (\xi ^{\dagger }\webright )\\ & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\webleft[\mspace {-6mu}\webleft[x\mapsto {\begin{cases} \xi ^{\dagger }\webleft (x\webright )& \text{if $x\in X$}\\ y_{0}& \text{if $x=\star _{X}$}\end{cases}}\webright]\mspace {-6mu}\webright]\\ & = \webleft[\mspace {-6mu}\webleft[x\mapsto {\begin{cases} \xi \webleft (x\webright )& \text{if $x\in X$}\\ y_{0}& \text{if $x=\star _{X}$}\end{cases}}\webright]\mspace {-6mu}\webright]\\ & = \xi \\ & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\webleft [\text{id}_{\mathsf{Sets}_{*}\webleft (X^{+},Y\webright )}\webright ]\webleft (\xi \webright ).\end{align*}

    Therefore we have

    \[ \Psi _{X,Y}\circ \Phi _{X,Y}=\text{id}_{\mathsf{Sets}_{*}\webleft (X^{+},Y\webright )}. \]

  • Invertibility II. Given a map of sets $\xi \colon X\to Y$, we have

    \begin{align*} \webleft [\Phi _{X,Y}\circ \Psi _{X,Y}\webright ]\webleft (\xi \webright ) & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\Phi _{X,Y}\webleft (\Psi _{X,Y}\webleft (\xi \webright )\webright )\\ & = \Phi _{X,Y}\webleft (\xi ^{\dagger }\webright )\\ & = \Phi _{X,Y}\webleft (\webleft[\mspace {-6mu}\webleft[x\mapsto {\begin{cases} \xi \webleft (x\webright )& \text{if $x\in X$}\\ y_{0}& \text{if $x=\star _{X}$}\end{cases}}\webright]\mspace {-6mu}\webright]\webright )\\ & = [\mspace {-3mu}[x\mapsto \xi \webleft (x\webright )]\mspace {-3mu}]\\ & = \xi \\ & \mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\webleft [\text{id}_{\mathsf{Sets}\webleft (X,Y\webright )}\webright ]\webleft (\xi \webright ).\end{align*}

    Therefore we have

    \[ \Phi _{X,Y}\circ \Psi _{X,Y}=\text{id}_{\mathsf{Sets}\webleft (X,Y\webright )}. \]

  • Naturality for $\Phi $, Part I. We need to show that, given a morphism of pointed sets

    \[ f\colon \webleft (X,x_{0}\webright )\to \webleft (X',x'_{0}\webright ), \]

    the diagram

    commutes. Indeed, given a morphism of pointed sets $\xi \colon X^{\prime ,+}\to Y$, we have

    \begin{align*} \webleft [\Phi _{X,Y}\circ f^{*}\webright ]\webleft (\xi \webright ) & = \Phi _{X,Y}\webleft (f^{*}\webleft (\xi \webright )\webright )\\ & = \Phi _{X,Y}\webleft (\xi \circ f\webright )\\ & = \xi \circ f\\ & = \Phi _{X',Y}\webleft (\xi \webright )\circ f\\ & = f^{*}\webleft (\Phi _{X',Y}\webleft (\xi \webright )\webright )\\ & = f^{*}\webleft (\Phi _{X',Y}\webleft (\xi \webright )\webright )\\ & = \webleft [f^{*}\circ \Phi _{X',Y}\webright ]\webleft (\xi \webright ). \end{align*}

    Therefore we have

    \[ \Phi _{X,Y}\circ f^{*}=f^{*}\circ \Phi _{X',Y} \]

    and the naturality diagram for $\Phi $ above indeed commutes.

  • Naturality for $\Phi $, Part II. We need to show that, given a morphism of pointed sets

    \[ g\colon \webleft (Y,y_{0}\webright )\to \webleft (Y',y'_{0}\webright ), \]

    the diagram

    commutes. Indeed, given a morphism of pointed sets

    \[ \xi ^{\dagger }\colon X^{+} \to Y, \]

    we have

    \begin{align*} \webleft [\Phi _{X,Y'}\circ g_{*}\webright ]\webleft (\xi \webright ) & = \Phi _{X,Y'}\webleft (g_{*}\webleft (\xi \webright )\webright )\\ & = \Phi _{X,Y'}\webleft (g\circ \xi \webright )\\ & = g\circ \xi \\ & = g\circ \Phi _{X,Y'}\webleft (\xi \webright )\\ & = g_{*}\webleft (\Phi _{X,Y'}\webleft (\xi \webright )\webright )\\ & = \webleft [g_{*}\circ \Phi _{X,Y'}\webright ]\webleft (\xi \webright ). \end{align*}

    Therefore we have

    \[ \Phi _{X,Y'}\circ g_{*}=g_{*}\circ \Phi _{X,Y'} \]

    and the naturality diagram for $\Phi $ above indeed commutes.

  • Naturality for $\Psi $. Since $\Phi $ is natural in each argument and $\Phi $ is a componentwise inverse to $\Psi $ in each argument, it follows from Chapter 9: Preorders, Item 2 of Proposition 9.9.7.1.2 that $\Psi $ is also natural in each argument.
This finishes the proof.
Item 3: Symmetric Strong Monoidality With Respect to Wedge Sums
We construct the strong monoidal structure on $\webleft (-\webright )^{+}$ with respect to $\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}$ and $\vee $ as follows:
  • The Strong Monoidality Constraints. The isomorphism
    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+,\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}}_{X,Y}\colon X^{+}\vee Y^{+}\overset {\scriptstyle \mathord {\sim }}{\dashrightarrow }\webleft (X\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}Y\webright )^{+} \]

    is given by

    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+,\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}}_{X,Y}\webleft (z\webright )=\begin{cases} x & \text{if $z=\webleft [\webleft (0,x\webright )\webright ]$ with $x\in X$,}\\ y & \text{if $z=\webleft [\webleft (1,y\webright )\webright ]$ with $y\in Y$,}\\ \star _{X\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}Y} & \text{if $z=\webleft [\webleft (0,\star _{X}\webright )\webright ]$,}\\ \star _{X\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}Y} & \text{if $z=\webleft [\webleft (1,\star _{Y}\webright )\webright ]$}\end{cases} \]

    for each $z\in X^{+}\vee Y^{+}$, with inverse

    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+,\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }},-1}_{X,Y} \colon \webleft (X\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}Y\webright )^{+} \overset {\scriptstyle \mathord {\sim }}{\dashrightarrow }X^{+}\vee Y^{+} \]

    given by

    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+,\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }},-1}_{X,Y}\webleft (z\webright )\mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\begin{cases} \webleft [\webleft (0,x\webright )\webright ] & \text{if $z=\webleft [\webleft (0,x\webright )\webright ]$,}\\ \webleft [\webleft (1,y\webright )\webright ] & \text{if $z=\webleft [\webleft (1,y\webright )\webright ]$,}\\ p_{0} & \text{if $z=\star _{X\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}Y}$} \end{cases} \]

    for each $z\in \webleft (X\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}Y\webright )^{+}$.

  • The Strong Monoidal Unity Constraint. The isomorphism

    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+,\mathchoice {\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }}{\mathbin {\scriptscriptstyle \textstyle \coprod }},\mathbb {1}}_{X,Y}\colon \text{pt}\overset {\scriptstyle \mathord {\sim }}{\dashrightarrow }\text{Ø}^{+} \]

    is given by sending $\star _{X}$ to $\star _{\text{Ø}}$.

The verification that these isomorphisms satisfy the coherence conditions making the functor $\webleft (-\webright )^{+}$ into a symmetric strong monoidal functor is omitted.
Item 4: Symmetric Strong Monoidality With Respect to Smash Products
We construct the strong monoidal structure on $\webleft (-\webright )^{+}$ with respect to $\times $ and $\wedge $ as follows:
  • The Strong Monoidality Constraints. The isomorphism
    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+}_{X,Y}\colon X^{+}\wedge Y^{+}\overset {\scriptstyle \mathord {\sim }}{\dashrightarrow }\webleft (X\times Y\webright )^{+} \]

    is given by

    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+}_{X,Y}\webleft (x\wedge y\webright )=\begin{cases} \webleft (x,y\webright ) & \text{if $x\neq \star _{X}$ and $y\neq \star _{Y}$}\\ \star _{X\times Y} & \text{otherwise}\end{cases} \]

    for each $x\wedge y\in X^{+}\wedge Y^{+}$, with inverse

    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+,-1}_{X,Y} \colon \webleft (X\times Y\webright )^{+} \overset {\scriptstyle \mathord {\sim }}{\dashrightarrow }X^{+}\wedge Y^{+} \]

    given by

    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+,-1}_{X,Y}\webleft (z\webright )\mathrel {\smash {\overset {\mathclap {\scriptscriptstyle \text{def}}}=}}\begin{cases} x\wedge y & \text{if $z=\webleft (x,y\webright )$ with $\webleft (x,y\webright )\in X\times Y$,}\\ \star _{X}\wedge \star _{Y} & \text{if $z=\star _{X\times Y}$,} \end{cases} \]

    for each $z\in \webleft (X\times Y\webright )^{+}$.

  • The Strong Monoidal Unity Constraint. The isomorphism

    \[ \webleft (-\webright )^{+,\mathbb {1}}_{X,Y}\colon S^{0}\overset {\scriptstyle \mathord {\sim }}{\dashrightarrow }\text{pt}^{+} \]

    is given by sending $0$ to $\star _{\text{pt}}$ and $1$ to $\star $, where $\text{pt}^{+}=\webleft\{ \star ,\star _{\text{pt}}\webright\} $.

The verification that these isomorphisms satisfy the coherence conditions making the functor $\webleft (-\webright )^{+}$ into a symmetric strong monoidal functor is omitted.


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